Overall, our results indicate that food and foraging have likely played an integral role in the morphological diversification and coexistence of species in the family Parulidae.Įs Características morfológicas influencian la selección de presas en chipes (Parulidae) que coexisten These findings document prey selection relevant to multiple subtle morphological differences among coexisting species. In analyses including all four communities, species of warblers with aerial foraging morphologies consumed a greater proportion of winged insects than other warbler species. For five coexisting, foliage‐gleaning species wintering in Jamaican wet limestone forest, larger warblers ate larger beetles and Orthopterans but not larger ants. Differences in diet among the warblers showed a significant relationship to the first two PCA axes of morphological traits. Our analysis revealed little morphological overlap among the 11 species. The primary morphological differences, corresponding with the first three PCA axes, were body size, morphological adaptations for aerial foraging versus gleaning, and arboreal versus ground‐foraging adaptations. We combined a principal component analysis (PCA) of 18 external morphological traits of 11 species of warblers with stomach‐content data from coexisting species in one breeding community in Louisiana and three wintering communities in Jamaica. We hypothesized the existence of relationships between parulid morphology and diet. However, the ecological bases for the morphological differences among these species remain poorly understood, especially considering how many foraging and habitat studies the family has inspired.
Altogether, the results highlight the importance of the social environment for the evolution of collective signalling.Įn New World wood warblers (Parulidae) represent one of the most dramatic adaptive radiations in North America. Our findings are consistent with a duet function in mate guarding and dominance against subordinate group members as well as joint territory defence.
the presence of helpers or non-breeding adults during the breeding period), but not with sexual monochromatism or habitat type. We found (i) that duets evolved several times independently in different barbet lineages and (ii) that duetting evolved in association with group living (i.e. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative analyses in a sedentary clade of non-songbirds, the barbets (Capitonidae), to reveal new correlates of duet evolution. In songbirds, the absence of migration has been found to predict the occurrence of duetting, indirectly-supporting the idea that duet communication is linked with pair bonding. This is partly because previous studies on duet evolution have been biased to songbirds and neglected other bird groups. The duets of birds have intrigued biologists for a long time, yet much remains unknown about the evolution of these striking collective displays. This study, the first description of the evolution of duetting in a large avian family with a temperate-zone origin, supports the hypothesis that duetting co-evolves with a sedentary natural history in birds. A phylogenetically explicit correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between duetting and migration, in keeping with findings from other avian taxa. Both duetting and migration exhibit phylogenetic signal. Migration was present in the last common ancestor and was lost several times. Duetting evolved multiple times in this group, including 2 early origins and several more recent origins. Ancestral character reconstruction indicated that the last common ancestor of the New World warblers did not duet. Of the 95 species in our analysis, we found evidence of duetting in 19 (20%) species, and evidence of migration in 45 (47.4%) species. We examined the evolution of duetting and migration in New World warblers (Parulidae), a group that has been largely ignored by duetting research. Previous work indicates that duetting tends to co-evolve with a non-migratory lifestyle, probably because the absence of migration facilitates greater cooperation between mates. In birds, duet participation functions to cooperatively defend shared resources, localize mates, and in some species, guard the mate. Vocal duets occur when 2 individuals vocalize in temporal coordination.
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